Importance Of Life Cycle Assessment (Lca) In Alternative Energy Decision Making 2021 Online | Focus 360

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Are you looking for Importance Of Life Cycle Assessment (Lca) In Alternative Energy Decision Making….

Throughout the UK Energy Performance Certificates are generated making use of basic methods as well as power presumptions which permits structures to be compared to one more rather. By doing this it enables proprietors, prospective purchasers or lessees to view the projected energy intake and carbon scores over an annual basis, so they can think about the general energy performance as well as gas costs as part of their investment or living expenses.

All Energy Performance Certificates are accompanied with a recommendations report which outlines cost-effective measures that can be put in place to improve the overall energy efficiency rating of a given property. A typical recommendation could be to upgrade a building’s heating system, increase insulation levels in a loft space or to upgrade single glazed areas to double glazing.

The Energy Efficiency Certification is essential as greater than 50% of the UK’s power consumption as well as carbon exhausts are generated by the way that we light, heat and usually utilize structures. Fairly small modifications such as setting up low power or LED lights in all electrical outlets of a building can have an extensive impact on energy intake.

  • A (92 PLUS)
  • B (81-91)
  • C (69-80)
  • D (55-68)
  • E (39-54)
  • F (21-38)
  • G (1-20)

When is an Energy performance certificate required?

Your property’s EPC needs to be readily available to prospective purchasers as quickly as you start to market your property for sale or rental fee. EPC Certificates came to be a regulatory demand in April 2008. You have to obtain an approved Domestic Energy assessor to produce the EPC
.
A requirement on all residential properties, that are either being sold, developed, or rented out, and also have to be supplied to a potential buyer or tenant absolutely free.

Are there any cases whereby my building may be exempt?

The solution is of course! The adhering to circumstances regard your residential or commercial property excluded.

Some listed buildings.
Structure due for demolition causing site due for redevelopment.
Building to be marketed or leased with vacant possession.
Places of worship.
Industrial websites, workshops and also non-residential farming structures that have a reduced energy need.
Stand-alone business buildings with a total valuable floor area of much less than 50m ².

What are the penalties for not having an EPC?

As from the 1st April 2018, there will be a requirement for any properties rented out in the private rented sector to normally have a minimum energy performance rating of E on an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC). The regulations will come into force for new lets and renewals of tenancies with effect from 1st April 2018 and for all existing tenancies on 1st April 2020. It will be unlawful to rent a property which breaches the requirement for a minimum E rating unless there is an applicable exemption. A civil penalty of up to £4,000 will be imposed for breaches.

This guidance summarizes the regulations: Find out more

You do not pay anything until the survey is has been fully carried out and that you are happy with the service. Invoices will be issued at this point.

What is your Energy Performance Certificate process? Importance Of Life Cycle Assessment (Lca) In Alternative Energy Decision Making

  1. Upon arrival to the building, the energy assessor will certainly present themselves, bring and also clarify the procedure out a wellness & safety threat evaluation for safety functions.
    The assessor will certainly need accessibility to every one of the spaces in the home, consisting of (where applicable) loft hatch, space in the roofing, extensions, sunroom, electric and gas metres.
    The assessor will certainly attract an illustration strategy of the overall floor location of the property. As soon as this is done they will overcome each space taking exact measurements as well as catching all appropriate information (Residential property age, building and construction materials, Wall densities, heating unit & controls, hot water cylinder details, water cylinder insulation, Secondary heating unit (if appropriate), Flooring building and construction, glazing kind and reduced energy lighting.Please keep in mind that we value your house whatsoever times as well as will guarantee that it will be left as it was prior to we performed our survey.

Schedule your EPC

We function 24/7 to fit your demands and also publication consultations to fit your hectic timetable. Including night and also weekend breaks consultations.

The Assessment

One of our qualified EPC assessors will see you at your premises. The study will certainly take usually in between 1-2 hours to complete.

Calculations

Our group will certainly calculate and create your power performance certificate and also describe any type of renovation suggestions.

Publication

We will publish your Commercial EPC to the government register within 24-48 hours of leaving your property and send you a copy directly via email.

What We Offer

Focus 360 has 10 years’ experience in supplying SAP analyses to a variety of customers based in Bristol and all over the UK.

We offer a working as a consultant method to compliance and also constantly have your requirements at the forefront of what we do.

When dealing with complicated growths and are yet to be defeated by a difficult score to date, we are well versed.

At Emphasis 360 Power we finish both style phase as well as as-built parts of your SAP Computations in Bristol and we will email your record within your due dates.

SAP Calculations for New Builds in Bristol

Many of the tasks we take on need an enhancement rating of 40% or over which we have actually always managed to accomplish in spite of sometimes having limited spending plan restrictions set out to us.

Because of this alone, we are confident that you will not be dissatisfied in what we need to offer.

We comprehend that you have deadlines to satisfy so constantly use the very same day feedback. In addition to this, we offer a 48-hour fast track solution and same day EPC Certification as basic, so you will not be maintained waiting.

Importance Of Life Cycle Assessment (Lca) In Alternative Energy Decision Making

SAP Estimations (Typical Assessment Treatments) are a structure regulation demand and also the UK government’s chosen methodology for assessing the energy performance of all new construct residences, conversions and also extensions.

Once SAP Calculations in Bristol have been successfully completed on a dwelling an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) is generated. The energy performance certificate is an additional document required for building control sign off and is a legal requirement when selling or renting out a home.

AP score is a way of contrasting the energy efficiency of different residences as well as is racked up on a ranking scale between 1 as well as 100 (100 representing a house with a zero-energy expense and also 0 with a high power price). Typically, the greater the SAP rating, the lower the fuel price and connected co2 exhausts (CO2). From the SAP computations, we have the ability to work out an energy cost for an offered property. This is created by analyzing the construction of the residence, its heating unit, interior lighting and any type of sustainable technologies installed.

SBEM Calculations (Simplified Building Energy Model) is a tool that is used to analyse the compliance of your new non-domestic building with Part L of the building regulations (England and Wales) and equivalent regulations in Scotland, Northern Ireland.

The SBEM estimations procedure is created by taking a look at the proposed buildings use materials, heater, cooling, hot water, ventilation and also lights solutions. The computation likewise looks at what renewable power resources have been used, such as solar photovoltaic or pv, solar thermal, ground/air-source heating.

As soon as this data is modelled in our government authorized software application, we can provide an accurate understanding of what the structures energy performance and also carbon discharges will certainly be. This result is determined versus a notional building of the exact same dimensions with any luck allowing excellent as well as innovative style to dominate. By collectively measuring the fabric, services, illumination, reduced and also eco-friendly carbon innovations to a notional building we can allow for some compensation between the different aspects.

Who needs SBEM Calculations?

BEM Estimations are a compulsory need for any warmed brand-new construct commercial building which exceeds 50m2 in size. Along with brand-new construct business structures some renovation and also expansion projects will certainly require an SBEM estimation too.

Design Stage:.
Structure control will call for a style stage SBEM calculation to be submitted at the exact same time as your structure regulation application. Building control will not allow the structure commence without obtaining both papers.

As-built phase:.
Building control will certainly require both the layout phase SBEM Computation and also Industrial EPC once the building has actually been constructed. Building control will unlikely sign the structure off without both records.

Air testing (Also known as Air Permeability, air leakage test and pressure test) is a measure of showing how good your building is at keeping the head in and the cold out.

 

All brand-new developments in the UK are required to have an air examination carried as component Approved File Part L (England as well as Wales) as well as area 6 of the technical manual (Scotland).

When the structure has actually been ended up and also before the inhabitant moves in, the Air examination will constantly be brought out.

Fundamentally, the lower the air leakage, the better the building is at shutting out the cold as well as the reduced the energy costs will be. Nonetheless, having a 100% air-tight building is not needed a good thing as troubles may take place such as mould and condensation. Striking an equilibrium in the outcome is key.

You can select not to test all stories on a larger website, however it’s worth noting that the SAP score will certainly be penalised on those not examined. This is typically known as self-confidence factor.

Why choose us?

  • Professional and reliable
  • Flexible appointments to suit you
  • Friendly practical advice
  • 10 years experience in the industry
  • Same day turnaround
  • Affordable pricing

What we offer

Covering Bristol and also the surrounding locations, Emphasis 360 Energy has one decade’ experience offering energy efficiency certificates (EPC’s) in Bristol and throughout the south-west. Importance Of Life Cycle Assessment (Lca) In Alternative Energy Decision Making

We offer both domestic and business EPC certifications to a substantial variety of customers including estate agents, solicitors, residential property proprietors, center managers and also the public.

Importance Of Life Cycle Assessment (Lca) In Alternative Energy Decision Making 2021 Online | Focus 360

by

Are you looking for Importance Of Life Cycle Assessment (Lca) In Alternative Energy Decision Making….

Throughout the UK Energy Performance Certifications are produced utilizing basic techniques as well as power presumptions which allows buildings to be compared with another relatively. By doing this it enables owners, potential purchasers or tenants to view the forecasted energy usage and also carbon scores over a yearly basis, so they can take into consideration the overall power performance and also gas costs as component of their investment or living costs.

All Energy Performance Certificates are accompanied with a recommendations report which outlines cost-effective measures that can be put in place to improve the overall energy efficiency rating of a given property. A typical recommendation could be to upgrade a building’s heating system, increase insulation levels in a loft space or to upgrade single glazed areas to double glazing.

The Power Efficiency Certification is necessary as greater than 50% of the UK’s energy intake as well as carbon exhausts are produced incidentally that we light, warmth and generally utilize buildings. Relatively small adjustments such as mounting low energy or LED illumination in all electrical outlets of a structure can have a profound effect on power intake.

  • A (92 PLUS)
  • B (81-91)
  • C (69-80)
  • D (55-68)
  • E (39-54)
  • F (21-38)
  • G (1-20)

When is an Energy performance certificate required?

Your residential or commercial property’s EPC requires to be offered to potential customers as quickly as you begin to market your home available for sale or rental fee. EPC Certificates became a regulatory requirement in April 2008. You must get an accepted Residential Power assessor to create the EPC
.
A requirement on all residential properties, that are either being offered, built, or leased, as well as should be offered to a possible purchaser or tenant for free.

Are there any cases whereby my building may be exempt?

The response is yes! The following circumstances consider your residential property excluded.

Some noted structures.
Building due for demolition resulting in website due for redevelopment.
Building to be offered or rented with uninhabited ownership.
Places of worship.
Industrial websites, workshops and also non-residential farming buildings that have a low energy need.
Stand-alone industrial buildings with a total beneficial flooring space of much less than 50m ².

What are the penalties for not having an EPC?

As from the 1st April 2018, there will be a requirement for any properties rented out in the private rented sector to normally have a minimum energy performance rating of E on an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC). The regulations will come into force for new lets and renewals of tenancies with effect from 1st April 2018 and for all existing tenancies on 1st April 2020. It will be unlawful to rent a property which breaches the requirement for a minimum E rating unless there is an applicable exemption. A civil penalty of up to £4,000 will be imposed for breaches.

This guidance summarizes the regulations: Find out more

You do not pay anything until the survey is has been fully carried out and that you are happy with the service. Invoices will be issued at this point.

What is your Energy Performance Certificate process? Importance Of Life Cycle Assessment (Lca) In Alternative Energy Decision Making

  1. Upon arrival to the residential property, the energy assessor will certainly introduce themselves, explain the process and bring out a health and wellness & safety and security danger evaluation for safety purposes.
    The assessor will certainly call for accessibility to all of the rooms in the residential property, including (where applicable) loft space hatch, room in the roofing system, extensions, conservatory, electrical and also gas metres.
    The assessor will draw a sketch plan of the overall floor area of the property. When this is done they will work through each room taking accurate measurements as well as capturing all appropriate information (Residential or commercial property age, construction products, Wall surface thicknesses, heating systems & controls, warm water cylinder details, water cyndrical tube insulation, Secondary furnace (if appropriate), Flooring construction, polishing kind as well as low energy lighting.Please note that we value your house whatsoever times and will certainly ensure that it will be left as it was before we conducted our survey.

Schedule your EPC

We work 24/7 to suit your needs and book visits to fit your active timetable. Including evening and weekend breaks consultations.

The Assessment

One of our qualified EPC assessors will see you at your properties. The survey will certainly take commonly in between 1-2 hrs to complete.

Calculations

Our team will certainly calculate and also create your power efficiency certification and detail any type of improvement suggestions.

Publication

We will publish your Commercial EPC to the government register within 24-48 hours of leaving your property and send you a copy directly via email.

What We Offer

Focus 360 has 10 years’ experience in supplying SAP analyses to a range of customers based in Bristol as well as all over the UK.

We provide a working as a consultant approach to compliance and also constantly have your requirements at the leading edge of what we do.

We are well versed when dealing with complicated developments and are yet to be defeated by a hard score to day.

At Emphasis 360 Power we finish both layout phase and as-built parts of your SAP Calculations in Bristol as well as we will email your record within your due dates.

SAP Calculations for New Builds in Bristol

Many of the jobs we take on call for an enhancement score of 40% or over which we have constantly handled to achieve despite in some cases having limited spending plan restraints laid out to us.

For this reason alone, we are confident that you will not be disappointed in what we have to provide.

We comprehend that you have due dates to satisfy so always supply the same day response. In addition to this, we provide a 48-hour fast lane service as well as very same day EPC Certificate as standard, so you will not be maintained waiting.

Importance Of Life Cycle Assessment (Lca) In Alternative Energy Decision Making

SAP Computations (Conventional Assessment Procedures) are a structure guideline demand as well as the UK federal government’s picked approach for analyzing the power performance of all new develop conversions, extensions and also residences.

Once SAP Calculations in Bristol have been successfully completed on a dwelling an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) is generated. The energy performance certificate is an additional document required for building control sign off and is a legal requirement when selling or renting out a home.

AP ranking is a way of contrasting the power efficiency of various residences as well as is scored on a score range between 1 and also 100 (100 standing for a home with a zero-energy cost as well as 0 with a high energy expense). From the SAP calculations, we are able to function out a power cost for a provided residential property.

SBEM Calculations (Simplified Building Energy Model) is a tool that is used to analyse the compliance of your new non-domestic building with Part L of the building regulations (England and Wales) and equivalent regulations in Scotland, Northern Ireland.

The SBEM calculations process is assembled by considering the proposed structures use materials, heating unit, air conditioning, hot water, ventilation as well as illumination services. Along with this the estimation likewise looks at what renewable resource sources have been used, such as solar photovoltaic or pv, solar thermal, ground/air-source home heating.

Once this data is designed in our government accepted software program, we can give a precise understanding of what the buildings power efficiency and also carbon emissions will be. This result is measured against a notional building of the exact same measurements ideally allowing innovative as well as good design to dominate. By collectively gauging the material, services, illumination, sustainable and also reduced carbon innovations to a notional building we can enable some payment between the different aspects.

Who needs SBEM Calculations?

BEM Calculations are a required requirement for any warmed new develop commercial property which surpasses 50m2 in size. In enhancement to new construct industrial buildings some remodelling and also extension jobs will call for an SBEM estimation.

Style Stage:.
Building control will call for a style phase SBEM computation to be sent at the very same time as your building guideline application. Building control will certainly not allow the structure commence without getting both records.

As-built phase:.
Structure control will call for both the style phase SBEM Computation as well as Business EPC once the building has been created. Structure control will unlikely authorize the structure off without both files.

Air testing (Also known as Air Permeability, air leakage test and pressure test) is a measure of showing how good your building is at keeping the head in and the cold out.

 

All new developments in the UK are called for to have an air test lugged as component Accepted Paper Part L (England and also Wales) as well as section 6 of the technological handbook (Scotland).

When the building has actually been finished and before the occupier relocates in, the Air test will always be brought out.

Fundamentally, the lower the air leak, the far better the structure is at keeping out the cool as well as the reduced the power costs will be. Nonetheless, having a 100% air-tight building is not required a good idea as troubles may take place such as mould as well as condensation. Striking a balance in the outcome is key.

You can select not to test all stories on a bigger website, however it’s worth keeping in mind that the SAP rating will certainly be punished on those not tested. This is generally called self-confidence variable.

Why choose us?

  • Professional and reliable
  • Flexible appointments to suit you
  • Friendly practical advice
  • 10 years experience in the industry
  • Same day turnaround
  • Affordable pricing

What we offer

Treatment Bristol as well as the surrounding locations, Focus 360 Energy has one decade’ experience offering power performance certificates (EPC’s) in Bristol and also throughout the south-west. Importance Of Life Cycle Assessment (Lca) In Alternative Energy Decision Making

We provide both household and also commercial EPC certifications to a vast variety of customers including estate agents, lawyers, property proprietors, center supervisors as well as the public.

Importance Of Life Cycle Assessment (Lca) In Alternative Energy Decision Making 2021 Online | Focus 360

by

Are you looking for Importance Of Life Cycle Assessment (Lca) In Alternative Energy Decision Making….

Throughout the UK Energy Efficiency Certificates are produced making use of typical techniques and power presumptions which enables structures to be compared to another relatively. By doing this it permits owners, potential purchasers or tenants to see the projected energy intake as well as carbon scores over an annual basis, so they can think about the overall energy efficiency as well as fuel costs as part of their investment or living expenditures.

All Energy Performance Certificates are accompanied with a recommendations report which outlines cost-effective measures that can be put in place to improve the overall energy efficiency rating of a given property. A typical recommendation could be to upgrade a building’s heating system, increase insulation levels in a loft space or to upgrade single glazed areas to double glazing.

The Power Efficiency Certificate is necessary as greater than 50% of the UK’s power usage and also carbon exhausts are produced incidentally that we light, warmth as well as typically use buildings. Relatively small adjustments such as installing low energy or LED lighting in all electrical outlets of a building can have a profound effect on energy intake.

  • A (92 PLUS)
  • B (81-91)
  • C (69-80)
  • D (55-68)
  • E (39-54)
  • F (21-38)
  • G (1-20)

When is an Energy performance certificate required?

Your residential property’s EPC requires to be available to potential customers as soon as you start to market your home available or rent. EPC Certificates ended up being a regulatory demand in April 2008. You must get an approved Domestic Energy assessor to produce the EPC
.
A demand on all domestic homes, that are either being sold, developed, or leased, as well as have to be supplied to a potential customer or renter for free.

Are there any cases whereby my building may be exempt?

The response is of course! The adhering to circumstances consider your residential property exempt.

Some noted structures.
Structure due for demolition resulting in website due for redevelopment.
Structure to be sold or rented with uninhabited possession.
Places of prayer.
Industrial sites, workshops as well as non-residential agricultural buildings that have a reduced power demand.
Stand-alone business buildings with an overall valuable flooring area of much less than 50m ².

What are the penalties for not having an EPC?

As from the 1st April 2018, there will be a requirement for any properties rented out in the private rented sector to normally have a minimum energy performance rating of E on an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC). The regulations will come into force for new lets and renewals of tenancies with effect from 1st April 2018 and for all existing tenancies on 1st April 2020. It will be unlawful to rent a property which breaches the requirement for a minimum E rating unless there is an applicable exemption. A civil penalty of up to £4,000 will be imposed for breaches.

This guidance summarizes the regulations: Find out more

You do not pay anything until the survey is has been fully carried out and that you are happy with the service. Invoices will be issued at this point.

What is your Energy Performance Certificate process? Importance Of Life Cycle Assessment (Lca) In Alternative Energy Decision Making

  1. Upon arrival to the home, the energy assessor will introduce themselves, explain the procedure and also lug out a health and wellness & security danger evaluation for safety functions.
    The assessor will call for accessibility to all of the areas in the residential or commercial property, including (where applicable) loft space hatch, space in the roofing system, extensions, conservatory, electric and also gas metres.
    The assessor will certainly draw a sketch plan of the total flooring area of the home. When this is done they will certainly overcome each area taking specific measurements as well as capturing all appropriate information (Residential property age, construction products, Wall surface thicknesses, heater & controls, warm water cylinder details, water cylinder insulation, Second furnace (if relevant), Flooring construction, polishing type as well as low power lights.Please note that we appreciate your home whatsoever times as well as will guarantee that it will certainly be left as it was before we performed our study.

Schedule your EPC

We work 24/7 to match your needs as well as publication consultations to suit your hectic schedule. Including night as well as weekends visits.

The Assessment

Among our certified EPC assessors will visit you at your properties. The study will certainly take usually in between 1-2 hours to finish.

Calculations

Our team will determine and also create your energy performance certificate and also outline any improvement referrals.

Publication

We will publish your Commercial EPC to the government register within 24-48 hours of leaving your property and send you a copy directly via email.

What We Offer

Emphasis 360 has ten years’ experience in using SAP evaluations to a variety of customers based in Bristol as well as all over the UK.

We provide a working as a consultant approach to conformity as well as constantly have your demands at the forefront of what we do.

When dealing with challenging advancements and also are yet to be beaten by a hard rating to day, we are well versed.

At Focus 360 Energy we finish both design phase and also as-built parts of your SAP Computations in Bristol and also we will email your report within your due dates.

SAP Calculations for New Builds in Bristol

A lot of the tasks we take on need an enhancement rating of 40% or over which we have constantly handled to accomplish regardless of sometimes having limited budget plan restraints laid out to us.

Therefore alone, we are certain that you will not be dissatisfied in what we have to offer.

We comprehend that you have target dates to meet so always use the exact same day feedback. We use a 48-hour fast track service and very same day EPC Certificate as common, so you will not be maintained waiting.

Importance Of Life Cycle Assessment (Lca) In Alternative Energy Decision Making

SAP Estimations (Common Assessment Treatments) are a structure policy need and the UK government’s chosen approach for evaluating the power performance of all new construct conversions, expansions and residences.

Once SAP Calculations in Bristol have been successfully completed on a dwelling an Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) is generated. The energy performance certificate is an additional document required for building control sign off and is a legal requirement when selling or renting out a home.

AP score is a way of contrasting the energy efficiency of different homes and also is racked up on a ranking range in between 1 and also 100 (100 representing a dwelling with a zero-energy cost as well as 0 with a high power price). From the SAP estimations, we are able to work out an energy price for a provided property.

SBEM Calculations (Simplified Building Energy Model) is a tool that is used to analyse the compliance of your new non-domestic building with Part L of the building regulations (England and Wales) and equivalent regulations in Scotland, Northern Ireland.

The SBEM estimations process is assembled by checking out the recommended buildings use of materials, furnace, air conditioning, hot water, ventilation and lights solutions. The calculation additionally looks at what eco-friendly energy sources have actually been used, such as solar photovoltaic, solar thermal, ground/air-source heating.

As soon as this data is modelled in our government approved software, we can provide an accurate understanding of what the structures power performance and carbon exhausts will certainly be. This outcome is gauged against a notional building of the exact same measurements ideally permitting innovative and also great style to prevail. By collectively gauging the textile, solutions, illumination, low and also eco-friendly carbon technologies to a notional building we can permit some settlement between the various elements.

Who needs SBEM Calculations?

BEM Calculations are a necessary requirement for any heated brand-new develop industrial residential or commercial property which exceeds 50m2 in dimension. Along with new build commercial structures some remodelling as well as expansion jobs will require an SBEM estimation as well.

Design Phase:.
Structure control will call for a layout phase SBEM computation to be submitted at the exact same time as your building guideline application. Building control will certainly not let the building commence without receiving both files.

As-built stage:.
Structure control will need both the design phase SBEM Calculation and Industrial EPC once the structure has been built. Structure control will unlikely authorize the structure off without both files.

Air testing (Also known as Air Permeability, air leakage test and pressure test) is a measure of showing how good your building is at keeping the head in and the cold out.

 

All new developments in the UK are needed to have an air examination lugged as part Approved Record Component L (England as well as Wales) and also section 6 of the technological handbook (Scotland).

Once the building has actually been completed as well as prior to the occupier moves in, the Air test will certainly always be carried out.

Essentially, the reduced the air leakage, the far better the structure goes to keeping out the chilly and the reduced the energy expense will be. Having a 100% air-tight structure is not required a great thing as problems might take place such as mould and also condensation. Striking an equilibrium in the result is vital.

You can select not to test all plots on a larger site, however it’s worth noting that the SAP ranking will be punished on those not checked. This is generally known as self-confidence factor.

Why choose us?

  • Professional and reliable
  • Flexible appointments to suit you
  • Friendly practical advice
  • 10 years experience in the industry
  • Same day turnaround
  • Affordable pricing

What we offer

Treatment Bristol and also the bordering locations, Emphasis 360 Energy has one decade’ experience offering energy performance certificates (EPC’s) in Bristol and also throughout the south-west. Importance Of Life Cycle Assessment (Lca) In Alternative Energy Decision Making

We offer both domestic and also business EPC certifications to a large variety of customers including estate representatives, solicitors, home landlords, center supervisors and the public.